
Table 8.12-1 Summary of First-Order Circuits
FIRST-ORDER CIRCUIT CONTAINING A 
FIRST-ORDER CIRCUIT CONTAINING AN 
Replace the circuit consisting of op amps, 
resistors, and sources by its Thévenin equivalent 
Replace the circuit consisting of op amps, 
resistors, and sources by its Norton equivalent 
The capacitor voltage is:
where the time constant t is
where the time constant t is
The capacitor current is:
Time as a function of capacitor voltage is:
Time as a function of inductor current is: